TENSES

PROVERB

If your plan is for 1 year, plant rice.
If your plan is for 10 years, plant trees.
If your plan is for 100 years, educate children.(Confucius)

And / But / Because / So

And / But / Because / So
 
And
: for adding
But
: for contrasting
Because
: for explaining
So
: for consequences
We use but to express a contrast between two things or ideas.
e.g. I like coffe but I don’t like tea.
We use and to connect two similar words, phrases or clause in one sentence,
 e.g. She can swim and dive very well.
We use because to link an idea with a reason or a cause.
e.g. I can’t go into the house because I can’t find the keys.
We use so to show the result of something,
e.g. I got up late, so I missed the bus.
A conjunction is a word that connects other words or groups of words.  In the sentence Bob and Dan are friends the conjunction and connects two nouns and in the sentence  He will drive or fly,  the conjunction or connects two verbs.  In the sentence It is early but we can go, the conjunction but connects two groups of words.
Coordinating conjunctions are conjunctions which connect two equal parts of a sentence.  The most common ones are and, or, but, and so which are used in the following ways:
and is used to join or add words together in the sentence They ate and drank.
or is used to show choice or possibilities as in the sentence He will be here on Monday or Tuesday.
but is used to show opposite or conflicting ideas as in the sentence She is small but strong.
so is used to show result as in the sentence I was tired so I went to sleep.
Subordinating conjunctions connect two parts of a sentence that are not equal and will be discussed more in another class.  For now, you should know some of the more common subordinating conjunctions such as:
    after                before                unless
    although          if                        until
    as                   since                   when
    because          than                    while
Correlative conjunctions are pairs of conjunctions that work together.  In the sentence Both Jan and Meg are good swimmers, both . . .and are correlative conjunctions.  The most common correlative conjunctions are:
    both . . .and
    either . . . or
    neither . . . nor
    not only . . . but also
 
Fill in the gaps and, but, because and so.
1-I love trees, grass, flowers, rivers……..and…………lakes.
2-John likes westerns  but  he hates science fiction.
3-Claire can speak Spanish but she can’t speak  Chinese.
4-I can dance but I can’t sing.
5-I go to the cinema nearly every week    because I   love films.
6-Your marks are bad   because  you don’t study enough.
7-Monica and I are friends  so we sit together in class.
8-I didn’t feel very well  so I stayed at home.
9-You can go out  because you must be home by eleven, ok?
10-I spent the afternoon in the library  because  I had an  exam the next day. 
Fil in the gaps and, but,because and so.
1. There was a dog in the garden  becausa  they  couldn’t get into the house.
2. I didn’t go to party last night because  I didn’t feel well.
3.  He is an old   and   lonely man.
4.  He is a clever boy but  he doesn’t study hard.
5.  Maria is from Spain  and  she lives in Italy.
6.  We can’t go swimming today   because it is  cool and rainy.
7.1 want to relax but I have a lot of work to do.
8. John lives in the country  and  he works in the city centre.
9. I can understand German but I can’t speak it..
10. My father gets up early   and  then goes for a walk.
11.  I want to buy this TV because it is cheap.
12.  My brother loves football  but  I hate it.
13.  I want to make a cake but   I don’t know how to make a cake.
14.  Linda loves roses  because   they smell wonderful.
15.  Their house was sold  so they moved to another house.
16. They called the police   because   someone broke into their house.
17. There was a shortage of water so  we couldn’t have a shower.
18.  Could I have a hamburger and  a coke, please?
19.  David couldn’t pass his Math exams  because  he didn’t study.
20.  I like Peter   but  he is a little bit jealous.
21. My sister works in a nursery school  because  she loves children.
22.I haven’t got enough time  so  I can’t  help you.
23.My favourite actors are Bruce Willis  and  Robert De Niro.
24. The children like playing in the park  so  they go to park everyday.
 
1-The bus stopped __________ the man got off.
2-We stayed at home __________ watched a film.
3-I wanted to buy a newspaper __________ didn’t have enough money.
4-I have a lot of homework to do now __________ I can’t go to the cinema with you.
5-He’s very rich __________ he doesn’t spend a lot of money.
6-Do you want tea __________ coffee?
7-Is the Empire State Building in New York __________ London?
8-Is it a new house __________ an old house?
9-I enjoy visiting many different countries __________ I wouldn’t want to live anywhere else but Lisbon.
10-We can go by bus __________ we can walk.
11-I can’t remember his name __________ I know his face from somewhere.
12-I will study my spelling words __________ I can get a good score on the test.
13-This car is beautiful ________________ expensive.
14-My name is Jim __________ I’m your new teacher.
15-We have a test on Monday _______________ I’ll have to study this weekend.
16-I have to work on Saturday __ _________I can’t go to John’s party.
 
 ANSWER
1-     and
2-     and
3-     but
4-     so
5-     but
6-     or
7-     or
8-     or
9-     but
10-  or
11-  but
12-  so
13-  but
14-  and
15-  so
16-  so
 
“Because or So?”   ANSWER KEY
Micha worked all night.  + Micha was tired.
Use because to give a reason:
Use so to show a result:
Micha was tired because she worked all night.
Why was she tired? 
Because she worked all night.
Micha worked all night, so she was tired.
She worked all night, so what happened? 
She was tired.
—THE DINNER PARTY—
Write BECAUSE or SO in the blanks below. Don’t forget the comma!
1- Ruby enjoys cooking, SO she invited all of her classmates over for dinner.
2- Everyone enjoys a good home-cooked meal, SO  everybody went to Ruby’s house.
3- Taka ate two plates full of food  BECAUSE  he was very hungry!
4- Larena and Tammi shared a plate of food  BECAUSE  they like the same things.
5- Maria is a professional bartender, SO  she mixed drinks for everybody.
6- There were lots of lemons on the table  BECAUSE  Sam brought a big bag full of lemons.
7- Sara is a musician, SO  she played the piano and sang to entertain everyone.
8- Leo and Kazumi danced in the middle of the livingroom  BECAUSE  they love to dance.
9- Filiz asked for the recipe  BECAUSE  she loved the dinner.
10-Delma also loved the dinner, SO  she asked for the recipe too.
11-Ruby’s recipe is a secret family recipe, SO  she couldn’t give it away.
12-Filiz and Delma were dissappointed  BECAUSE  Ruby wouldn’t share the recipe, but they understood why.
13-Ruby worked very hard to prepare the meal, SO  she was very tired.
14-Lenny, Sandy and Sasi cleaned off the table, SO   the dishes could be washed.
15-Abrahim, Hiro and Kadir offered to wash the dishes  BECAUSE  poor Ruby was really tired.
16-All the classmates said, “Thank you!”  BECAUSE  they enjoyed the dinner.
17-It was getting late, SO  everybody started leaving.
18-Ruby slept for two days  BECAUSE  she was exhausted!
19-When we are giving a reason, we use BECAUSE .
20-When we are showing results, we use SO.

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