We  use  the  Past  Continuous  to  say  that  something  was  going  on  around  a  particular  time  in  the  past. It does not say whether the action has been performed or not.

 We form the present continuous with subject +am/is/are + V –ing.

I am studying. Tom is working. The children are playing.

We form the past continuous with subject + was/were +V -ing.

I was studying. Tom was working. The children were playing.

EXAMPLE SENTENCES:

 Example sentences:

 USAGES:

 1.      Actions in progress in the past.

 We use the Past Continuous to talk about something which was in progress at a past time, or to say that somebody was in the middle of doing something at a certain time. The action or situation had started, but it had not finished at that time. We can also use adverbs of specific past time ( e.g at noon , yesterday , last night , in 2004 …)

 2.      Interrupted action in the past.

 We often use the Past Continuous and the Simple Past together.

(with conjunctions like when, just as, as, while) to say that something happened in the middle of something else. The shorter second action interrupts the longer first. The first actions may or may not continue.

 WHEN: We use “when” with simple past tense.

 A.    When I met Mark, I was shopping.               B.  I was shopping when I met Mark.

             Time clause          main clause                           Main clause        time clause                                

 A time clause can come in front of a main clause, as in (a); or it can follow a main clause, as in (b).

  *A clause is a sentence that has a subject and a verb.

 Other examples with when.

 WHILE, AS, JUST AS: We often use “while”, “as” and “just as” with the past continuous. “While”, “just as” and “as” refer to two things happening at the same time.

 “Just as” means at the exact moment:

 Just as the pickpocket was taking the old woman’s purse out of her bag, a policeman caught him.

 Still: We can use “still” to emphasize duration (continuity).

 3.      Parallel actions:

We can use the Past Continuous with “while”,”as”, “just as” in two (or more) actions that were in progress at the same time. They express the idea that the actions were happening at the same time.

 4.      Time  Adverbial:

 With  the  Past  Continuous,  we  can  use  time  adverbial  beginning  with  all (e. g.  all day, all  night,  all  yesterday,  all  week,  etc.)  to  show  that  an  action  or  events  was  in progress  throughout  this  time ;  or  to  emphasize  continuity. 

FORM

USE OF THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE

a) Bu tensel, gelecekte bir noktada yapıyor olacağımız eylemleri ifade etmek için kullanırız.

Don’t call me tomorrow between ten and eleven. I’ll be having an interview then.

At this time next year, you’ll probably be attending university.

My plane departs at nine, so I’ll be Qying to New York at this hour tomorrow.

b) Bu tense’i birinden bir şey rica ederken de kullanabiliriz.

- Will you be going past the post office when you go out?

- Yes. Why?

- If so, can you post this letter for me?

- Will you be using your bike tomorrow?

- No, I don’t think so.

- If not, can you lend it to me for the afternoon?

c) Future Continuous, özellikle tatil ve seyahatlerle ilgili düzenlemeler hakkında konuşurken, plan ve niyet ifade ederken sıkça kullanılır. Bu anlamda Present Continuous da kullanılabilir.

We’lI be staying at the Mediterromaneo Hotel. (=We are staying at the Mediterromaneo Hotel.)

(See also Verbs -’Regular verbs in the simple present’)

Simple present, third person singular

Note:

1. he, she, it: in the third person singular the verb always ends in -s:he wants, she needs, he gives, she thinks.
2. Negative and question forms use DOES (=the third person of the auxiliary’DO’) + the infinitive of the verb.He wants. Does he want? He does not want.

3. Verbs ending in -y : the third person changes the -y to -ies:
   fly flies, cry cries

   Exception: if there is a vowel before the -y:

   play plays, pray prays

4. Add -es to verbs ending in:-ss, -x, -sh, -ch:he passes, she catches, he fixes, it pushes

See also Verbs -’Regular verbs in the simple present’, and ‘Be, do & have’

Examples:

a. He goes to school every morning.

b. She understands English.

c. It mixes the sand and the water.

d. He tries very hard.

e. She enjoys playing the piano.

2. Simple present, form

Example: to think, present simple

The simple present is used:

1. to express habits, general truths, repeated actions or unchanging situations, emotions and wishes:I smoke (habit); I work in London (unchanging situation); London is a large city (general truth)
2. to give instructions or directions:You walk for two hundred metres, then you turn left.
3. to express fixed arrangements, present or future:Your exam starts at 09.00
4. to express future time, after some conjunctions: after, when, before, as soon as, until:He’ll give it to you when you come next Saturday.

BE CAREFUL! The simple present is not used to express actions happening now. See Present Continuous.

Examples:

1. For habitsHe drinks tea at breakfast.

   She only eats fish.

   They watch television regularly.  

2. For repeated actions or eventsWe catch the bus every morning.

   It rains every afternoon in the hot season.

   They drive to Monaco every summer.  

3. For general truthsWater freezes at zero degrees.

   The Earth revolves around the Sun.

   Her mother is Peruvian.  

4. For instructions or directionsOpen the packet and pour the contents into hot water.

   You take the No.6 bus to Watney and then the No.10 to Bedford.

5. For fixed arrangementsHis mother arrives tomorrow.

   Our holiday starts on the 26th March

6. With future constructionsShe’ll see you before she leaves.

   We’ll give it to her when she arrives.SIMPLE PRESENT FOR FUTURE EVENTS

2. Simple present for future events – function

The simple present is used to make statements about events at a time later than now, when the statements are based on present facts, and when these facts are something fixed like a time-table, schedule, calendar.

Examples:

b. She has a yoga class tomorrow morning.

Note the difference between:

b. The plane’s going to leave in ten minutes (= prediction based on present situation, meaning “…and if you don’t hurry up you’re going to miss it!”)

Fill in the blanks. Use the correct form of the verbs.

1. My family and all my friends live (live) in Ankara, but I don’t live (live) in Istanbul.
2. Do your parents like (your parents / like) Eminem?
3. I drink (drink) tea only. I don’t like (not / like) coffee.
4. We don’t live (not / live) here. We come (come) here to visit our friends.
5. You don’t (not / tell) a lot, but you ask (ask) many questions.
6. Do your cousins (your cousins / buy) CDs at D&R?
7. Do you have (you / have ) a computer? I want to (want) to check my e-mails.
8. How do most students ( most students / go ) to school in your country?

Complete the blanks with the prompts in the box below.

Saul :Thank you. It’s nice to be here.

Interviewer :Well, Saul, can I ask you some questions? First, where do you live ?

Saul :I live in New York. I don’t come from the USA, I come from Canada, but I live in the US now.

Interviewer :Do you like New York?

Saul :Oh yes, it’s a great city.

Interviewer :And what do you do there ?

Saul : I’m a reporter.

Interviewer : Where do you work?

Saul :I work for a newspaper.

Interviewer :So I suppose you don’t work normal office hours?What time do you usually go to work ?

Saul :I leave home at about five o’clock in the afternoon.

Interviewer :Really? So what time do you get up?

Saul :Oh, usually about midday or 1.00.

Interviewer :What do you do first when you get up?

Saul :Oh, I always have a shower first,

Interviewer :And what do you have for breakfast?

Saul :I never have breakfast. I just have a of coffee,

Interviewer :How do you travel to work? .

Saul :Well, I live near the office, so I walk.

Interviewer :And when do you finish work?

Saul :I usually finish at two o’clock in the morning. I sometimes have to stay till about five, if there’s a big story, but it’s usually about two o’clock.

Interviewer :And what do you do after work?

Saul : Oh, I usually go for a drink with some of the other people at the office

Interviewer: Do you travel to other countries with your job?

Saul :No, I don’t. I sometimes travel to other parts of the US, but not to other countries

Interviewer :Do you like your job?

Saul :Yes, I love it! It’s very interesting.

Interviewer :And what do you do in your free time?

Saul :Free time? Oh, I play tennis every day.

Interviewer :Thank you, Saul.

Write a similar dialogue in your notebooks.

Convert into Negative and Yes-no questions. (My dear colleague, this exercise ought to be done orally)

1. I work in London.(-) I don’t work in London.

   (?) Do I work in London?

2. We live in Hakkari.(-) We don’t live in Hakkari.

   (?) Do we live in Hakkari?

3. I get up early.(-) I don’t get up early.

   (?) Do I get up early?

4. They go for a walk before breakfast.(-) They don’t go for a walk after breakfast.

   (?) Do they go for a walk after breakfast?

5. Ali and Mehmet have a cold bath every morning.(-) Ali and Mehmet don’t have a cold bath every morning.

   (?) Do Ali and Mehmet have a cold bath every morning?

6. You run all the way to the station.(-) You don’t run all the way to the station.

   (?) Do you run all the way to the station?

7. They read the paper in the train.(-) They don’t read the paper in the train.

   (?) Do they read the paper in the train?

8. I start work at 9.00.(-)
   I don’t start work at 9.00.

   (?) Do I start work at 9.00?

9. We finish work at 5.30.(-) We don’t finish work at 5:30.

   (?) Do we finish work at 5:30?

10. You go home by bus.

(-) You don’t go home by bus.

(?) Do you go home by bus?

Ask and answer as in the examples.

You /Live / Manisa / (Diyarbakır)

A: Do you live in Manisa?

B: No, I don’t. I live in Diyarbakır.

What time/they/home/come (7:00)

A: What time do they come home?

B: They come home at 7:00.

Change the statements.

1. I don’t want to learn English.(+) I want to learn English.

   (?) Do you want to learn English?

2. She wants to buy a house.(-) She doesn’t want to buy a house.

   (?) Does she want to buy a house?

3. Does Ayşe do her homework every day?(+)
   Ayşe wants to do her homework every day.

   (-) Ayşe doesn’t want to do her homework every day.

4. My brother goes to work at nine o’clock.(-) my brother doesn’t want to go to work at nine o’clock.

   (?) Does your brother want to go to work at nine o’clock?

5. Does she always speak English?(+) She always speaks English.

   (-) She doesn’t always speak English.

Complete the sentences with do, don’t, does, doesn’t.

1. Do you have breakfast in the morning? No, I don’t . I only have a cup of orange juice and leave home.
2. Ahmet gets up early on weekdays, but he doesn’t get up early at the weekend.
3. Where does your father work? He doesn’t work. He is retired.
4. Muazzez and Feride go on a holiday every year?Yes, they do .

   Where do they go?

   To Fethiye

5. Does Hayri know that his mother is dead? No, he doesn’t .
6. Do you have lunch every day?Yes, we do .

Insert DO or DOES.

1. Do Nick and Jenny get up early?
2. Does Trig like coke?
3. Do children walk to school?
4. Do lessons start at nine o’clock
5. Does Trig go to school?
6. Does Jenny like school?
7. Do they have lunch at school?
8. Do lessons finish at three thirty everyday?
9. Does Trig play games?
10. Do the children watch television in the evenigs?
11. Does Trig watch space films on television?
12. Does he go to bed at nine o’clock?
13. Do Nick and Jenny go to bed at nine o’clock?
14. Do they read comics in bed?
15. Do they go to sleep at nine thirty?
16. Does Trig go to sleep at nine o’clock?
17. Does he read comics?

DO/DOES/DON’T/DOESN’T

1. I don’t like coke.
2. He doesn’t like hamburgers.
3. Caroline and her sister don’t go to bed early.
4. They don’t speak English
5. Do Sue and Tony play the guitar?
6. Does Barbara walk to school?
7. Does he have lunch at school?
8. Does your brother go to bed early?
9. Nick and Jenny don’t read comics in bed.
10. Samuel doesn’t play basketball.

SİMPLE PRESENT TENSE

1. We live in Victoria Road.(live/lives)
2. My parents go to work.(go/goes)
3. My father works in a bank.(work/works)
4. He travels to London by train everyday.(travel/travels)
5. My mother works in a shop in Hatfield.(work/works)
6. In the evening they usually watch television.(watch/watches)
7. Every Friday night they go to the pub.(go/goes)
8. My father drives a Ford Escort.(drive/drives)
9. I have got two older sisters.They live away from home.(live/lives)
10. My eldest sister works at a hospital in London.(work/works)
11. My other sister studies at Birmingham University.(study/studies)
12. She also sings with a pop group.(sing/sings)

Add (-s) or (-es)

1. She goes to the shops every afternoon.(go)
2. Casey washes her hands after dinner.(wash)
3. Sue plays tennis.(play)
4. She does her homework in her bedroom.(do)
5. Vince watches sport on television.(watch)
6. Mr. Moore cleans his car on Saturdays.(clean)
7. He catches the train at half past eight.(catch)
8. The shop closes at five o’clock.(close)
9. Kamala goes swimming on Sunday morning.(go)
10. She often misses the bus, because she gets up late.(miss)
11. Mrs. Moore starts work at nine o’clock.(start)
12. She finishes work at half past three.(finish)
13. Vince practises the guitar every morning.(practise)

Add (-s) (-es) (-ies)

1. Ann brushes her hair every morning.(brush)
2. Alex teaches English.(teach)
3. A mechanic fixes cars.(fix)
4. Vick studies at the university.(study)
5. Sally drinks tea every afternoon.(drink)
6. Carol usually wears a skirt and a blouse to class.(wear)
7. Tom often watches television at night.(watch)
8. Mary always kisses her husband good-bye in the morning.(kiss)
9. Bob washes dishes.(wash)
10. When Ken gets up in the morning, he has (have) a shower and has (have) breakfast.
11. Sue carries her books in her bag.(carry)
12. Sometimes Jack stays in bed in the morning.(stay
13. The baby cries everynight.(cry)
14. The girl dries the car.(dry
15. The man fries the potatoes.(fry)

Fill in the blanks with suitable forms.

1. She likes (like) Turkish Pop.
2. They believe (believe) in ghosts.
3. Jane’s mother doesn’t like (not like) heavy metal.
4. Does your father need (need) a new car?
5. I love (love) reggae.
6. My sister dislikes (dislike) folk music.
7. They hate (hate) horror films.
8. Do we have (have) any bread?
9. Does she have (have) a dictionary?
10. Mrs. Johnson wants (want) a new fur coat.
11. James needs (need) a new pair of shoes.
12. Does Kate’s sister know (know) French?
13. Mary’s brother doesn’t have (not have) a bicycle
14. I don’t want (not want) any tea; thnk you
15. She doesn’t have (not have) any sugar in her tea.
16. My mother dislikes (dislike) pop music.
17. She doesn’t want (not want) to listen to Turkish Pop,too.
18. Don’t (not) you know (know) Michael Jackson’s new album?
19. Doesn’t (not) he like (like) milk?
20. No, they don’t understand (not understand) any word in Spanish.
21. Does she know (know) Kate’s adress?
22. She doesn’t know (not know) Kate’s adress.
23. He knows (know) Kate’s adress.
24. Ali has (have) a lot of money.
25. Sam doesn’t have (not have) a lot of money.
26. Kevin has (have) some money.
27. Does Mary have (have) a lot of money?
28. I don’t understand (not understand) this exercise but Sally understand (understand).
29. She loves (love) cats but her mother hates (hate) cats.
30. I want (want) some coke, please.
31. A: Does she want (want) some coke?B:Yes, she does
32. Why doesn’t (not) she speak (speak) yo you
33. She doesn’t leave (not leave) work before 6 pm.
34. She does (do) the shopping on her own.
35. He doesn’t sell (not sell) flowers, he sells (sell) fruit.

Complete the sentences.Use these verbs:

*boil *close *cost *cost *like *like *meet *open *speak *teach *wash

1. Margaret speaks four languages.
2. In Britain the banks usually open at 9:30 in the morning.
3. The City Museum closes at 5 o’clock in the evening.
4. Tina is a teacher.She teaches mathematics to young children.
5. My job is very interesting.I meet a lot of people.
6. Peter washes his hair twice a week.
7. Food is expensive.It costs a lot of money.
8. Shoes are expensive.They cost a lot of money.
9. Water boils at 100 degrees Celcius.
10. Julia and I are good friends.I like her and she likes me.

Write the negative.

1. I play the piano very well. I don’t play the piano very well.
2. They know my phone number. They don’t know pnone number.
3. We work very hard. We don’t work very hard.
4. He has a bath everyday. He doesn’t have a bath everyday.
5. You do the same thing everyday. You don’t do the same thing everyday.

Write questions with Do…? and Does…?

1. I like chocolate. And you? Do you like chocolate?
2. I play tennis. And you? Do you play tennis?
3. You live near here. And your friends? Do your friends near here?
4. Sue often goes away. And Paul? Does Paul often go away?
5. You work hard. And Linda? Does Linda work hard?

THE PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE

Complete the following sentences using the right form of the verbs given in the parentheses

1. I go (go) to school in the mornings.
2. They eat (eat) Iunch at the cafeteria every day.
3. You watch (watch) TV every evening.
4. We wait (wait) for the bus every morning.
5. The boys study (study) at nights.
6. The students take (take) a test every week.
7. Ann and Henry catch (catch) the bus every morning.
8. Mr. and Mrs. Davidson walk (walk) in the park at the weekends.
9. You and I study (study) the grammar every day.
10. The boys play (play) foothall here every Saturday.
11. These gentlemen help (help) the old people to get on the bus.
12. I brush (brush) my teeth every morning.
13. I say (say) goodbye to my mother every morning.
14. I leave (leave) home for school at 7:30 every day.
15. We learn (learn) English in prep. classes well.
16. The students come (come) back home from school in the afternoons.
17. They learn (learn) the new words in every subject.
18. They usually study (study) in the library.
19. Trains usually leave (leave) here every half hour.
20. Cats sometimes eat (eat) birds.
21. Farmers always get (get) up at 5 o’clock.
22. My friends sometimes listen (listen) to rock music.
23. They always walk (walk) to school.
24. Mary and I meet (meet) at the cafe once a month.
25. They spend (spend) their holiday in Bodrum every summer.

Complete the sentences using the verbs given below:

swim answer shine live come die eat spend save make

1. They live in London with their parents.
2. My friends and I swim in the swirnming-pool every Saturday.
3. They are fat because they eat too much.
4. They always spend their summer holidays in Italy.
5. We save the coins in a big jar.
6. The bright stars shine in the sky at night.
7. The students come to school on weekdays.
8. Do the students answer the teacher’s questions?
9. The children make a lot of noise in the garden.
10. People die of hunger in Africa.

visit drink want give do like prepare take put make look for hate watch work

1. My parents prepare the table for dinner.
2. Young boys usually watch science-fiction films.
3. The students sometimes don’t do their homework at home.
4. Please, take a photo of us.
5. My friends always put lemon in their tea.
6. These professors work at Oxford University.
7. I don’t like snakes because I am afraid of them.
8. Some of the students make a lot of silly mistakes in the exams.
9. We always visit historical places when we are on holiday.
10. Our neighbours drinks Turkish coffee at 11 a.m every day.
11. I hate watching horror films.
12. Some pop stars give their concerts in Aspendos every year.
13. My grandparents always do their keys at home.
14. I don’t want to live in poverty.

feel belong enjoy buy fix need have chase know visit do(2) give understand stay eat

1. I understand everything he says.
2. I feel good today because I am happy.
3. They enjoy their English lessons very much.
4. James and Joe buy a lot of music CDs every month.
5. Rich people generally stay at luxury hotels.
6. These books belong to me.They are mine.
7. They fix the cars in this garage.
8. David and Jane rarely do their homework on time.
9. The Browns need a new house, but they don’t have enough money.
10. My sister and brother never eat eggs for breakfast.
11. My neighbour’s dogs always chase the postman.
12. My parents visit our relatives once a month because they are very old.
13. I don’t know her telephone number because she is new here.
14. Women always do the shopping alone because it is relaxing.
15. Our English teachers always give us a lot of homework because we are prep. class

Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs given in brackets:

That boy (1)gets (get) up late, so he (2)comes (come) to school late.

Before she (3)has (have) dinner, she usually (4)washes (wash) her hands and (5)helps (help) her mother in the kitchen.

Tony (6)lives (live) in London and he (6)studies (study) at Cambridge University.

My father (10)Works (work) for a big company and (11)visits (visit) a lot of countries in the world.

Selina (12)is (be) a student. At the weekends she (14)goes (go) to the dance hall and (15)dances (dance) there once a week.

My grandmother (16)comes (come) to our house twice a week, she (17)cooks (cook) chicken very well, but she (18)doesn’t know (not know) how to cook spaghetti.

My father (19)smokes (smoke) a lot and he (20)doesn’t like (not/like) eating vegetables.

Kate always (21)catches (catch) the nine o’clock bus because her work (22)starts (start) at half-past nine and (23)finishes (fınish) at 6:00 pm.

Stephan (24)does (do) his homework at home and his mother always (25)helps (help) him with his homework.

Nancy (26)has (have) lunch at a school cafeteria.She (27)doesn’t want (not/want) togo home because her house (28)is (be) far away from school.It (29)takes (take) an hour from her school to her house.

Water (30)freezes (freeze) at 0 °C.

Mr. Hank(31)has (have) a shoe factory and(32)earns (earn) a lot of money so be generally (33)prefers (prefer) travelling by plane.

Put “do”,does”, “don’t”, “doesn’t”:

1. Does Terry speak Italian or French?
2. Sue and Tony don’t visit their friends every weekend.
3. Pam doesn’t enjoy football matches.
4. Does Kate live with her family?
5. Kelly doesn’t play the guitar, but she plays the violin.
6. Does your brother work in a bank?
7. Do Kino and Yoko come from Japan?
8. She doesn’t watch science-fjction films.
9. My brother and sister don’t eat honey and butter for breakfast, but I do
10. They don’t need a new house because their house is big and new.
11. Do Larry’s parents go shopping on Sundays?
12. The sun doesn’t go round the earth.
13. My friends don’t like jazz, but they like hip-hop.
14. He doesn’t say anything about his life.
15. What does he have for dinner?
16. Do you know her new address?
17. When do you generally have a shower?
18. She doesn’t do her homework every evening.
19. Why does she want to come with us?
20. Do your lessons start at half-past eight every day?
21. He gets up early every morning, so he doesn’t miss the bus.
22. Ben and Steve don’t live with their families because they stay ata dorm.
23. She doesn’t understand new subjects easily.
24. Does he pay his bills on time?
25. How often does she brush her hair?
26. Alan and I don’t prepare our breakfast in the morning

Complete the following sentences using the right form of the verbs given in brackets:

1. Dick says (say) “Hello” to his neighbours every morning.
2. I don’t understand (not/understand) the way he speaks.
3. A:Do you want (want) anything?B: No, thanks.
4. Does Betty use (use) a typewriter in her office?
5. Jim always thinks (think) about Sally because he loves (love) her very much and wants (want) to get married to her.
6. Don always borrows (borrow) some money, but he never pays (pay) it back.
7. These shops sell (sell) books, but they don’t sell (not/sell) vegetables.
8. Do you and your brother need (need) new shoes?
9. My brother likes (like) black and white, but he is (be) a fan of Galatasaray.
10. Do monkeys eat (eat) grass or bananas?
11. She doesn’t put (not/put) any sugar in her tea because she is on a diet.
12. Everybody hates (hate) mice because they think (think) they are (be) dangerous. They can infect people because they live (live) in dirty places.
13. Birds migrate (migrate) to hot countries in winter, and they don’t have (not/have) any problems to find their way to warm places.
14. The sun rises (rise) in the East and sets (set) in the West.
15. Does water boil (boil) at 70°C?
16. What do rabbits eat (eat)?

Fill in the blanks with suitable forms of DO/DOES

1. Does she want for lunch?
2. Smith and Jones don’t like watching t.v.
3. Pamela doesn’t enjoy football matches.
4. How many apples do they need for the apple pie?
5. Do you understand the new words?
6. She doesn’t understand the new words.
7. Sally doesn’t like listening to classical music , her friend Barbara doesn’t , either.
8. Does Kate live at home with her family?
9. Does she work for İstanbul Airlınes?
10. Sally doesn’t play the violin she plays the piano.
11. Do Alice and her sister look after their grandmother?
12. Does her brother work in a factory ?
13. Do Barbara and Steve live in a flat?
14. Do Atonio and his wife come from Italy?
15. She does not watch horror films.
16. My sister and brother don’t eat eggs for breakfast but I do.
17. Mary doesn’t speak to her friend but Mary’s sister does.
18. The neigbour’s dog chases the cat and my dog does too.
19. Does she have a new car?
20. They don’t need a new hause but their sister does.
21. Do Laura’s parents go shopping every Saturday?
22. She gets up early in the mornings and doesn’t miss the 7.30 bus.
23. Do they leave school at 3 o’clock
24. She does not like pizza she likes hamburgers.
25. Mark does not eat supper but Caroline does.
26. Her father comes home late but my mother and father don’t come late.
27. Do their lessons start at 9 o’clock?
28. She does not teach English she teachs French.
29. Alice does not like westerns but John does.
30. She does not do her homework every evening but I do.
31. Does Mary speak Spanish or Italian?
32. Do Carol and Irene work for British Aırways?
33. Does your mother make cake on Sundays. My mother does .
34. Does Ellen’s friend study engineering?
35. Why don’t you eat anything? Are you ill?
36. Why don’t she come with us?
37. That child over there does not speak anybody
38. Some people don’t know anything about Island.
39. Do you understand what I say?

Write negative forms of the statements below.

1. He studies English every eveningHe doesn’t study English every evening
2. She carries her books in a school bagShe doesn’t carry her books in a school bag
3. Mr and Mrs Smith need a new carMr and Mrs Smith don’t need a new car
4. Alice smokes 10 cigarettes everydayAlice doesn’t smoke 10 cigarettes everyday
5. Barbara lives in LondonBarbara doesn’t live in London
6. My father cooks pizza every SundayMy father doesn’t cook pizza every Sunday
7. He speaks 4 languagesHe doesn’t speak 4 languages
8. He gets up at six o’clock everydayHe doesn’t get up at six o’clock everyday
9. He works in a radioHe doesn’t work in a radio
10. I go to bed very lateI don’t go to bed very late

11. He drives his car on Sundays

He doesn’t drive his car on Sundays

12. He runs 2 kilometres everymorning.

He does not run 2 kilometres everymorning.

13. My grandfather listens a classical musıc

My grandfatherdoes not listen a classical music

14. The baby sleeps early

The baby does not sleep early

15. I finish my homework at 10 o’clock

I don’t finish my homework at 10 o’clock

16. My dog makes a lot of noise

My dog does not make a lot of noise

17. I eat at the school cafeteria

I don’t eat at the school cafeteria

18. Mr Brown eats his dinner at 6 p.m.

Mr Brown doesn’t eat his dinner at 6 p.m.

19. I eat my dinner at eight.

I don’t eat my dinner at eight.

20. I write letters to my friends.

I don’t write letters to my friends.

Use the correct form of the Present Simple in each sentence. Choose verbs from this list:

earn go x2 like live meet phone study want work

1. Helen works in a restaurant at the weekends.
2. “How much does she earn ?” “Six pounds an hour.”
3. She goes to university from Monday to Friday.
4. “What does she study ?” “Law.”
5. Does she like animals?
6. Yes, she and her friends go riding every week.
7. “Where does her boyfriend live ?” “In the USA.”
8. He phones her every evening.
9. They meet every summer.
10. She wants to be a lawyer.

form

Regular verbs: base+ed
e.g. walked, showed, watched, played, smiled, stopped

Irregular verbs: see list in verbs

Simple past, be, have, do:

Affirmative
a. I was in Japan last year
b. She had a headache yesterday.
c. We did our homework last night.

Negative and interrogative
Note: For the negative and interrogative simple past form of “do” as an ordinary verb, use the auxiliary “do”, e.g. We didn’t do our homework last night. The negative of “have” in the simple past is usually formed using the auxiliary “do”, but sometimes by simply adding not or the contraction “n’t”.
The interrogative form of “have” in the simple past normally uses the auxiliary “do”.

• • They weren’t in Rio last summer.
  • We hadn’t any money.
  • We didn’t have time to visit the Eiffel Tower.
  • We didn’t do our exercises this morning.
  • Were they in Iceland last January?
  • Did you have a bicycle when you were a boy?
  • Did you do much climbing in Switzerland?

Simple past, regular verbs

Example: to walk, simple past.

Note: For the negative and interrogative form of all verbs in the simple past, always use the auxiliary ‘did”.

Examples: Simple past, irregular verbs

to go
a. He went to a club last night.
b. Did he go to the cinema last night?
c. He didn’t go to bed early last night.

to give
d. We gave her a doll for her birthday.
e. They didn’t give John their new address.
f. Did Barry give you my passport?

to come
g. My parents came to visit me last July.
h. We didn’t come because it was raining.
i. Did he come to your party last week?

2. Simple past, function

The simple past is used to talk about a completed action in a time before now. Duration is not important. The time of the action can be in the recent past or the distant past.

• • John Cabot sailed to America in 1498.
  • My father died last year.
  • He lived in Fiji in 1976.
  • We crossed the Channel yesterday.

You always use the simple past when you say when something happened, so it is associated with certain past time expressions

Examples:

• frequency:
  often, sometimes, always;
• a definite point in time:
  last week, when I was a child, yesterday, six weeks ago.
• an indefinite point in time:
  the other day, ages ago, a long time ago etc.

Note: the word ago is a useful way of expressing the distance into the past. It is placed after the period of time e.g. a week ago, three years ago, a minute ago.

Examples:

a. Yesterday, I arrived in Geneva.
b. She finished her work at seven o’clock.
c. We saw a good film last week.
d. I went to the theatre last night.
e. She played the piano when she was a child.
f. He sent me a letter six months ago.
g. Peter left five minutes ago.

USAGES OF THE PAST “TO BE”

The past Tense of BE is used:

1. Before nouns.

His father was a businessman.

Ephesus was a city once upon a time.

They were students.

2. Before adjectives.

She was happy last night.

Ahmet and Orhan were very naughty when they were at school.

He was very handsome and she was very beautiful when they were young.

3. Before a prepositional phrase

She wasn’t at home. They were in the living room.

I was at the bus stop.

4. With some structures

There was a concert of Tarkan on Atv last night .

There were lots of children in the playground.

5. With time expressions.

His rent was three weeks overdue. It wasn’t yesterday. It was today.

6. to indicate age , size , distance , area , weights … etc

He was ninety when he died.

She was about six feet tall.

The two cities were ten kilometers away from each other.

1. A. USES OF THE PAST SIMPLE

1. We use this tense to talk about an action or event which took place at a specific time and place in the past that is now finished.

Berkan Sepetçi went to England in 1990.

We left the house at 3 o’clock.

I saw him two days ago.

2. We use this tense to talk about an action or event which took place over a specific period in the past.

Nese Hanim played table tennis for seven years.

I worked for two years as a postman.

We lived in Istanbul for ten years.

3. We use this tense to express past habits or customs.

My father ate a lot of pasta when he was in Italy.

When I was a child we had breakfast at five o’clock every day.

In his younger days, my father always walked to his office.

Note: We usually use frequency adverbs, used to or would in order to express past habits.

When I was young, I used to bite my nails.

My father would sometimes finish a couple of packets a day.

4. The Simple Past is used to express a series of past actions following one another.

it was 9:30 when I left home. I called a taxi and asked the driver to take me to the factory

When she pressed the button the lift stopped.

As I left the house I remembered the key (This implies that I remembered the key before I had completed the action of leaving the house. This means while I was leaving…

5. We use this tense to tell stories.

One day, the prince decided that he didn’t like his palace anymore

So, he told his father, the king, that he wanted to go to another country.

B. SPELLING OF -ED FORMS

1. If the verb ends in a consonant + (-e ) , we just add -d.

Hope……..hoped date……..dated injure………injured bake ……… baked

2. If the verb has only one syllable and ends in 1 vowel + 1 consonant, we double the consonant and add – ed.

Stop…..stopped rob…….robbed beg……….begged

3. If the verb has only one syllable and ends in 2 vowels + 1 consonant, we do not double the consonant. We just add -ed.

Rain……..rained fool…….fooled dream…….dreamed

4. If the verb has two syllables and ends in a vowel and a consonant;

PS: We just add -ed when the fist syllable is stressed.

Listen…..listened offer……offered open……..opened

PS: We double the consonant and add -ed when the 2nd syllable is stressed.

Prefer…..preferred control…..controlled admit …. admitted

5. If the verb ends in two consonants , we just add -ed.

Start…..started demand……demanded fold……folded

6. If the verb ends in -y and -y is preceded by a vowel, we just add -ed.

Enjoy…..enjoyed play…….played pray…..prayed

PS: If -y is preceded by a consonant, we change -y into -i and add -ed.

Study……studied try……..tried reply……replied

7. If the verb ends in -ie, we just add -d.

Die……died lie……..lied tie……….tied

PRACTICE TIME:

Place e(d) at the end of the verbs below:

cry: cried stop: stopped hurry: hurried rest: rested

love: loved save: saved swap: swapped admit: admitted

ask: asked enjoy: enjoyed die: died carry: carried

follow: followed walk: walked knit: knitted deny: denied

open: opened wait: waited want: wanted push: pushed

Example: to walk, present perfect

2. Present perfect, function
The Present Perfect is used to indicate a link between the present and the past. The time of the action is before now but not specified, and we are often more interested in the result than in the action itself.

BE CAREFUL! There may be a verb tense in your language with a similar form, but the meaning is probably NOT the same.

The present perfect is used to describe:

1.An action or situation that started in the past and continues in the present. Example: I have lived in Bristol since 1984 (= and I still do.)
2. An action performed during a period that has not yet finished. Example: She has been to the cinema twice this week (= and the week isn’t over yet.)
3. A repeated action in an unspecified period between the past and now. Example: We have visited Portugal several times.
4. An action that was completed in the very recent past, (expressed by ‘just’). Example: I have just finished my work.
5. An action when the time is not important. Example: He has read ‘War and Peace’. (the result of his reading is important)

Note: When we want to give or ask details about when, where, who, we use the simple past. Example: He read ‘War and Peace’ last week.

PRESENT PERFECT WITH ‘JUST’, ‘YET’, ‘ALREADY’ ‘EVER’ “NEVER”

JUST: The adverb ‘just’ is used with the present perfect tense to tell a recently completed action. ‘Just’ comes after the auxiliary verb ‘have/has’. This combination is used chiefly in the affirmative, though the interrogative from is possible. It isn’t normally used in the negative.

The teacher has just gone out.

The bus has just arrived. Has he just gone out?

Mr.Trick has just finished the cake. Yes, he has.

ALREADY: The adverb ‘already’ is used when something has happened before we expected. ‘Already’ comes after the auxiliary verb ‘have/has. We use ‘already’ in affirmative.

I’ve already written a letter to my friend.

She’s already finished her homework.

The policemen have already arrested the thief.

YET: The adverb ‘yet’ is used when we are expecting something to happen but it hasn’t happened. “Yet” comes to the end of the clause. We use ‘yet’ in the negative sentences and in questions.

Mrs. Roberts hasn’t replied to my letter yet.
(She hasn’t replied but she will).

Have you found a job yet? (Perhaps you haven’t found but you’re going to find one).

EVER: We use ‘ever’ between the subject and the main verb to ask questions. It’s used for events in a person’s life time or at any time(s) up until now. We must go on with Simple Past if the answer is YES.

-A: Have you ever attended a competition? Have you ever been to İstanbul?

- B: Yes, I have. I attended once. Yes .I went to Istanbul last year.

A: Has your sister ever travelled by train? Has your father ever smoked?

- B: Yes, twice. (=two times) No, he hasn’t.

‘Never’ is used in affirmative sentences to answer negatively.

-A: Have you ever seen a giraffe?

- B: No, I’ve never seen one. (or No, never)

Ann has never arrived home on time.

I have never eaten Chinese food.

Martha has never won a lottery.

My grandmother has never gone to a doctor.

I’ve never visited my grandparents.

They have never been to İzmir.

All my life , in his life , always , occasionally , often , several times , once, twice …etc are some of the commonly used expressions .

I have always got up early. (Her zaman erken kalkmışımdır )

I have never ridden on an elephant in my life.

Korhan has been to İstanbul twice.

GONE & BEEN

Look at the difference between these two sentences.
*George has been to Spain. He’s now at home again.
*George has gone to Spain. He’s in Spain now.

‘He has been’ means he has finished his trip and turned back home.

‘He has gone’ means he has begun his trip.

Look at this example in order to see the difference more clearly.

A: Where’s Julie?
B: She’s away. She’s gone to Paris.

Julie has gone to Paris. She is in Paris now.
Two weeks later.
Adam: Hello, Julie!
Julie: Hello, I’ve been on holiday. I’ve been to Paris.
(Julie has been to Paris. She went to Paris but now she’s back.)

SINCE – FOR

We can use the present perfect tense with ‘for’ and ‘since’ to talk about actions and events that take place in a period of time from the past until now.

FOR: We use ‘for’ to talk about a period of time continuing up to the present. It is used with length of time (e.g. four years, two months, etc)

Oct Nov Dec Jan Now

Past 1 2 3 4 We have lived in Manisa for four months.

For four months

SINCE: Since is used with to give the starting point of actions and situations that continue up to the moment of speaking. It is a point in time. (E.g. June, 1976, etc.).

Oct Nov Dec Jan Now

Past 1 2 3 4 We have lived in Manisa since October.

Common structures with “for” and “since”

EXAMPLE SENTENCES:

Nurhan has been ill for two weeks.
They have not seen my son since the beginning of the year.
I haven’t lived in İzmir since 1974.
I haven’t been to Germany since I got married.
There has been a great rise in prices in the last seven months.
The housing problem has grown bigger in the past few years.
I last saw him in September. I have not seen him since then.
We haven’t heard from him since he phoned us a month ago.
He left school in 1987. I haven’t seen him since.

Present perfect continuous, form
The present perfect continuous is made up of two elements: (a) the present perfect of the verb ‘to be’ (have/has been), and (b) the present participle of the main verb (base+ing).

Example: to live, present perfect continuous

Present perfect continuous, function
The present perfect continuous refers to an unspecified time between ‘before now’ and ‘now’. The speaker is thinking about something that started but perhaps did not finish in that period of time. He/she is interested in the process as well as the result, and this process may still be going on, or may have just finished.

Examples:

1. Actions that started in the past and continue in the present.

a. She has been waiting for you all day (=and she’s still waiting now).

b. I’ve been working on this report since eight o’clock this morning (=and I still haven’t finished it).

c. They have been travelling since last October (=and they’re not home yet).

2. Actions that have just finished, but we are interested in the results:

a. She has been cooking since last night (=and the food on the table looks delicious).

b. It’s been raining (= and the streets are still wet).

c. Someone’s been eating my chips (= half of them have gone).

Note:

Verbs without continuous forms
With verbs not normally used in the continuous form, use the present perfect simple. See list of these verbs under ‘Present Continuous’:

• I’ve wanted to visit China for years.
• She’s known Robert since she was a child.
• I’ve hated that music since I first heard it.
• I’ve heard a lot about you recently.
• We’ve understood everything we’ve heard this morning

USE OF THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

a)Present Perfect Continuous Tense, geçmişte başlayıp, içinde bulunduğumuz anda hala devam etmekte olan eylemleri anlatır ve for, since, all day, all week, all year gibi zaman zarflarıyla çok sık kullanılır.

I started to read this book two hours ago, and I’m still reading it. I have been reading this book for two hours.

It started to rain yesterday morning, and it is still raining. It has been raining since yesterday morning.

You have been working very hard all week. You should take some time to relax at the weekend.

The discussion has been going on for two hours, but they haven’t taken a decision yet.

b) Present Perfect Continuous Tense, geçmişte başlamış, içinde bulunduğumuz anda
henüz bitmiş, ancak belirtileri devam eden eylemler için, ya da özellikle, yakınma,
hoşnutsuzluk ve kuşku gibi duygulan ifade ederken de kullanılır.

- Is that child crying?

- No, but his eyes are watery. He has been crying.

- Your hands are covered in oil. What have you been doing?

- I have been fixing the car.

- You look very tired.

- Yes, I have been working hard today.

- Sorry, I’m late. Have you been waiting long?

- No, I’ve only just arrived.

You look guilty. You’ve been doing something bad, haven’t you?

c) ‘Since” ve “for” ile belirtilen zamanlan “how long’ soru sözcüğü ile sorabiliriz. Present
Perfect Simple ve Continuous tense’ler, geçmişten günümüze bir süreç belirttiği için,
kesin bir zaman isteyen “when” soru sözcüğünü bu tense’lerle kullanamayız.

- When did you move to this city?

- I moved here seven years ago.

- How long have you been living in this city?

- I have been living here for seven years.

- When did you become a teacher? (Ne zaman öğretmen oldunuz?)

- I became a teacher in 1986.

- How long have you been a teacher? (Ne zamandan beri öğretmensiniz?)

- I have been a teacher since 1986.

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE or PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

a) Geçmişte başlayıp, içinde bulunduğumuz anda hala devam etmekte olan, ya da henüz
bitmiş olan bir eylemi anlatan bazı fiiller, her iki tense ile de kullanılır ve aynı anlamı
verir. Bu şekilde yaygın olarak kullanılan fiiller şunlardır:

expect lie rain snow study want hope live sleep stand teach work learn look sit stay wait

How long have you lived in this city? How long have you been living in this city?

She has worked for that firm for the last two years.

She has been working for that firm for the last two years.

Bu iki tense, birbirinin yerine kullanılabilse de, (Present Continuous Tense’te olduğu gibi) geçici durundan ifade etmek için Present Perfect Continuous tercih edilir.

My niece lias been living with us for two years, but she is moving to her own flat next month.

b) Continuous Tense’lerle (I am doing, I was doing) kullanılmayan diğer fiiller (non-
progressive verbs) Present Perfect Continuous ile de kullanılmazlar. Ancak, “want’ ve
“wish” bu kuralın dışındadır.

Look at that lovely shirt in the shop window! I’ve been wanting one like that

for some time.

I’ve been wishing to visit your mother since I heard that she was ill.

Diğer non-progressive fiiller ise Present Perfect Simple ile kullanılır.

- What a lovely watch! How long have you bad it?

- For over a year.

- I see that you are very close friends. Have you known each other for long?

- Since we were children.

- What a nice old couple! They seem to be very fond of each other. How long
have they been married?

- For almost fifty years. They’ll celebrate their golden wedding anniversary
next year.

- Hello, I have been looking everywhere for you. How long have you been in
this remote part of the park?

- Well, I have been thinking over my problems, and I lost track of time.

En son diyalogda “been” sözünün kullanımına dikkat ediniz. “How long have you been in this

remote part.. ” ifadesinde “been”, “be” fiilinin past participle biçimidir ve asıl fiil olarak

kullanılmıştır.

She Is still a student. She has been a student for over six years. They are married now. They have been married for three months.

“I have been thinking over my problems.” cümlesinde ise “been” yardımcı fiil olarak
kullanılmıştır.

She has been working on her graduation thesis recently.

I have been helping her with her English assignments since the beginning of the term.

c) Present Perfect Continuous Tense, always, never, sometimes gibi sıklık bildiren

zarflarla, once, twice, several times gibi eylemin kaç kez yapıldığını bildiren yapılarla, ya da just, already, yet gibi eylemin bittiğini, tamamlandığını ifade eden yapılarla kullanılmaz.

I have always lived here./ I have lived here all my life. I have been living here since I was born.

I’ve been reading this book since this morning, and I’ve read a hundred pages so far.

(Okuma eylemi devam ettiği için “have been reading’, yüz sayfalık bölümü tamamlanmış olduğu için “have read’)

We’ve been trying to answer a number of questions since the beginning of the class, and we’ve answered half of them already.

He’s been writing letters since breakfast time. He’s Just written the fourth one, and he has two more letters to write.

The door bell has rung twice in the last half hour, and each time, it has been a visitor for my roommate.

The door bell has been ringing for the last minute. Why doesn’t someone open the door?

The present continuous of any verb is composed of two parts – the present tense of the verb to be + the present participle of the main verb.

(The form of the present participle is: base+ing, e.g. talking, playing, moving, smiling)

Example: to go, present continuous

Note: alternative negative contractions: I’m not going, you’re not going, he’s not going etc.

2. Present continuous, function

As with all tenses in English, the speaker’s attitude is as important as the time of the action or event. When someone uses the present continuous, they are thinking about something that is unfinished or incomplete.

The present continuous is used:

• to describe an action that is going on at this moment e.g. You are using the Internet. You are studying English grammar.
• to describe an action that is going on during this period of time or a trend, e.g.
  Are you still working for the same company? More and more people are becoming vegetarian.
• to describe an action or event in the future, which has already been planned or prepared (See also ‘Ways of expressing the future) e.g. We’re going on holiday tomorrow. I’m meeting my boyfriend tonight. Are they visiting you next winter?

to describe a temporary event or situation, e.g. He usually plays the drums, but he’s playing bass guitar tonight. The weather forecast was good, but it’s raining at the moment.

• with ‘always, forever, constantly’, to describe and emphasise a continuing series of repeated actions, e.g. Harry and Sally are always arguing! You’re forever complaining about your mother-in-law!

BE CAREFUL! Some verbs are not used in the continuous form – see below.

3. Verbs that are not normally used in the continuous form

The verbs in the list below are normally used in the simple form, because they refer to states, rather than actions or processes:

List of common verbs normally used in simple form:

Notes:

1. ‘Perception’ verbs (see, hear, feel, taste, smell) are often used with ‘can’: e.g. I can see…

2. * These verbs may be used in the continuous form but with a different meaning, compare:

a. This coat feels nice and warm. (= your perception of the coat’s qualities)
b. John’s feeling much better now (= his health is improving)

a. She has three dogs and a cat. (=possession)
b. She’s having supper. (= She’s eating)

a. I can see Anthony in the garden (= perception)
b. I’m seeing Anthony later (= We are planning to meet)

Examples:

• I wish I was in Greece now.
• She wants to see him now.
• I don’t understand why he is shouting.
• I feel we are making a mistake.
• This glass holds half a litre.

PRESENT CONTINUOUS FOR FUTURE EVENTS

1. Present continuous for the future, form
See notes on form in section on Present Continuous.

2. Future: Present continuous for the future, function
The present continuous is used to talk about arrangements for events at a time later than now.
There is a suggestion that more than one person is aware of the event, and that some preparation has already happened. e.g.

a. I’m meeting Jim at the airport = and both Jim and I have discussed this.
b. I am leaving tomorrow. = and I’ve already bought my train ticket.
c. We’re having a staff meeting next Monday = and all members of staff have been told about it.

More examples:

a. Is she seeing him tomorrow?
b. He isn’t working next week.
c. They aren’t leaving until the end of next year.
d. We are staying with friends when we get to Boston.

Note: in example (a), seeing is used in a continuous form because it means meeting.

BE CAREFUL! The simple present is used when a future event is part of a programme or time-table. Notice the difference between:

a. We’re having a staff meeting next Monday.
b. We have a staff meeting next Monday.(= we have a meeting every Monday, it’s on the time-table.)

Complete the sentences with one of the following verbs in the correct form:

come get happen look make start stay try work

1. ‘You’re working hard today.’ ‘Yes, I have a lot to do.’
2. I am looking for Christine. Do you know where she is?
3. It is getting dark. Shall I turn on the light?
4. They haven’t got anywhere to I’ve at the moment. They are staying with friends until they find somewhere.
5. ‘Are you ready, Ann?’ ‘Yes, I am coming ‘
6. Have you got an umbrella? It is starting to rain.
7. You are making a lot of noise. Could you be quieter? I am trying to concentrate.
8. Why are all these people here? What is happening ?

Use the words in brackets to complete the questions.

1. ‘Is Colin working this week?’ ‘No, he’s on holiday.’ (Colin/work)
2. Why are you looking at me like that? What’s the matter? (You/look)
3. ‘Jenny is a student at university.’ ‘Is she? What is she studying ?’ (She/study)
4. Is anybody listening to the radio or can I turn it off? (Anybody/listen)
5. How is your English? Is it getting better? (It/get)

Put the verb into the correct form. Sometimes you need the negative (I’m not doing etc.)

1. I’m tired. I am going (go) to bed now. Goodnight!

2. We can go out now. It isn’t raining (rain) any more.

3. ‘How is your new job?’ ‘Not so good at the moment. I am not enjoying (enjoy) it very much.’

4. Catherine is on holiday in France. She is having (have) a great time and doesn’t want to come back.

5. I want to lose weight, so this week I am not eating (eat) lunch.

6. Angela is learning (learn) German.

7. I think Paul and Ann aren’t speaking (speak) to each other.

Read this conversation between Brian and Sarah. Put the verbs into the correct form.

SARAH: Brian! How nice to see you! What (1) are you doing (you/do) these days?

BRIAN: I (2) am training (train) to be a supermarket manager.

SARAH: Really? What’s it like? (3) Are you enjoying (you/enjoy) it?

BRIAN: It’s all right. What about you?

SARAH: Well, actually I (4) am not working (not/work) at the moment. I (5) am trying (try) to find a job but it’s not easy.

But I’m very busy. I (6) am decorating (decorate) my flat.

BRIAN: (7) are you doing (you/do) it alone?

SARAH: No, some friends of mine (8) are helping (help) me.

Complete the sentences. Use a logical verb in the present progressive tense.

1. Don’t forget your umbrella. It’s raining
2. It’s summer. The sun is shining and the sky is blue.
3. Tomorrow is final exam day. The student are studying
4. Her birthday party is next Friday. All gets are making
5. It’s a sunny day. Judy and Raul are walking at the beach.

Harry What are you doing this week?
Simon Well tomorrow morning I am flying ( fly ) to Athens for a meeting I am having ( have ) lunch with our Greek agent, Elias, and then in the afternoon we are meeting ( meet ) our biggest Greek customers I am giving ( give ) a presentation about the new models we are bringing ( bring ) out later this month I am spending ( spend ) the night in Athens in a hotel and then the next morning I am traveling ( travel ) on to Istanbul where I am meeting ( meet ) someone who is interested in becoming our agent in Turkey Then I am catching ( catch ) the mid-afternoon flight back to London as I am going ( go ) to the Opera in the evening

PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

• You is working (work) hard today.
• I am looking (look) for Chris.
• It is getting (get) dark.
• They haven’t got anywhere to leave at the moment. They are staying (stay) with friends until they find some where.
• Are you ready Ann? Yes, I am coming (come).
• Have you got an umbrella? It is starting (start) to rain
• You are making (make) a lot of noise. Could you be quieter? I am trying (try) to concentrate.
• Why are all this people here? What ‘s happening?( happen)
• Is Collin working this week? No, he is on holiday (collin/work)
• Why are you looking at me like that? What’ s the matter? (you/look)
• Jenny is a student at university, is she? What is she studying? (she/study)
• Is anybody listening to the radio or can I turn ıt off?( anybody/listen)
• How is your english? It is getting better.( ıt / get)
• I’m tired. I am going (go) to bed now.
• We can go out now. It isn’t raining (rain) anymore.
• How is your new job? Not so good at the moment. I am not enjoying ( enjoy ) it very much.
• Catherine phoned me last night. She is on holday in France . She is having (have) great time and doesn’t want to come back.
• I want to loose weight so this week, I am not eating (eat) lunch.
• Angela has just started evening classes.She is learning (learn) German.
• I think, Paul and Ann have had an argument. They aren’t speaking (speak) to each other.

SARAH: Brian! How nice to see you! What are you doing (you/do) these days?

BRIAN: I am training (train) to be a supermarket manager.

SARAH: Ohh really? What’s it like? Are you enjoying (you/enjoy) it?

BRIAN: It’s all right what about you?

SARAH: Well actually, I am not working (not/work) at the moment. I am trying(try) to find a job but it’s not easy. But I am very busy. I am decorating(decorate) my flat.

BRIAN: Are you doing it alone( you/do)?

SARAH: No, some friends of mind are helping (help) me.

The Past Perfect is used to mention about an event which took place before another event or an activity in the past. We use the past perfect while talking about an earlier activity. The past form of present perfect is the past perfect. The Past Perfect is formed with “had” and the past participle of the verb. (e.g. swum-built )

USE OF THE PAST PERFECT TENSE

a) Past Perfect Tense, Present Perfect Tense’in past biçimidir.

Present: I am not hungry. I have Just eaten.

Past: When I went home, I wasn’t hungry, because I had just eaten.

Present: I have never seen a kangaroo before.

Past: When I went to Australia last year, I saw a kangaroo there. I had never seen a kangaroo before.

Present: I don’t want to see that film. I’ve already seen it.

Past: I didn’t want to go to the cinema with my friends. 1 had already seen the film.

Present: I can’t go out with you now. My daughter hasn’t come back from school yet.
Past: I couldn’t go out with them, because my daughter hadn’t come back from school yet.

b) Since, for, always, etc. gibi zarflarla kullanımı:

Since, for, always gibi zarfların, Present Perfect Tense (/ have done) ile kullanıldığını ve geçmişte başlayıp içinde bulunduğumuz ana kadar devam eden ya da içinde bulunduğumuz anda da devam etmekte olan eylemleri ifade ettiğini görmüştük. Since, for, always gibi zarflar, Past Perfect Tense (I had done) ile de kullanılır. Ancak bu kez, geçmişte başlayıp yine geçmişte bir noktaya kadar devam etmiş olan eylemleri anlatır.

USAGE:

1. We use the Past Perfect with “when” to show that one of the activities takes place earlier than the other. We use “when” after past perfect to show that an action was completely finished.

Betty had started her speech when we arrived.

(She started her speech before we arrived)

I had finished my homework when my teacher came in.

(I finished my homework before my teacher came in.)

I wasn’t hungry when I came home from school. I had eaten on my way home from school.

We had already left for school when I found out that my English class was cancelled.

When the fireman arrived, the house had already burnt.

She only understood the movie because she had read the book.

Past Perfect Tense, geçmişte belli bir noktada olmuş olaylardan söz ederken, daha geçmişte olmuş eylemi vurgulamak için de kullanılır.

When I saw her again ten years later, I found her greatly changed, both physically and mentally. She had dyed her hair blond and had got thinner. She had left her parents and had started to earn her own living.

When her marriage was breaking up, she remembered her father’s words. He had warned her against the difficulties of taking on the responsibility of marriage, and he had told her that she was too young to face them. She hadn’t listened to him then and had got married. She now realized how right he had been.

Ancak, amaç geçmişteki olayları sadece akış sırasına göre vermekse, Past Perfect kullanmak gerekmez.

She wanted to get married when she was only eighteen. Her father objected to it. He warned her against the difficulties of taking on the responsibility of marriage at such an early age, but she didn’t listen to him and got married.

Bazı durumlarda ise Simple Past ya da Past Perfect kullanılması anlam değişikliğine yol açar.

1. When we arrived at the farm house, I warned her to beware of the dog.
   (Çiftlik evine varınca, köpeğe dikkat etmesi için onu uyardım.)
2. When we arrived at the farm house, she was cautious. I had warned her to beware of the dog.

(Çiftlik evine vardığımızda, tedbirliydi. Köpeğe dikkat etmesi için onu uyarmıştım.)

Yukarıdaki cümlelerden birincisinde “uyarma’ eylemi çiftlik evine gelince, ikincisinde ise gelmeden önce yapılmıştır.

When I arrived at the party, Chris left.

(First, I arrived. Then Chris left, so I saw him.)

When I arrived at the party, Chris had left. (First, he left. Then I arrived, so I didn’t see him.)

While I was coming here, I saw an accident. A car had run into a cyclist. (/ didn’t see the accident happen.)

While I was coming here, I saw an accident. A car ran into a cyclist. (/ saw the accident happen.)

When + Simple Past, Past Perfect Tense

When I had washed my hair, I decided to go to the hairdresser.

We can use either simple past or past perfect after “when” according to the order of the events. “When” means “AFTER” in the example above.

2. We also use the Past Perfect to show that something happened before a specific time in the past. In this case , we often use “by”

We had graduated from the Aegean University by 2003.

The children had eaten and bathed by 10 o’clock.

All the merchandise had been sold by noon.

3. Already, yet, never, before, after, when, as soon as, ever … are expressions or adverbials that are often used with the Past Perfect Tense.

I had already left the office when the package arrived.

We went to see “Charlie’s Angels” last night. We had never seen it before

WHEN : (When + Simple Past, Past Perfect)

BEFORE : (Before + Simple Past, Past Perfect)

AFTER : (After + Past Perfect, Simple Past)

AS SOON AS: (As soon as + Past Perfect, Simple Past)

UNTIL: (Until + Simple Past, Past Perfect)

BY THE TIME: (By the time + Simple Past, Past Perfect)

Note: We can use Simple Past Tense instead of Past Perfect in many cases.

After I had eaten my dinner, I watched television.

(= After I ate my dinner, I watched TV.)

Before I cooked the meal, I had washed the vegetables.

(= Before I cooked the meal, I washed the vegetables.)

The children stayed at home until their mother had turned back from shopping.

(= …until their mother turned back from shopping.)

NOTE: We can change the order of the two parts in the sentences above. There is no change in meaning except for the comma.

Until my father came home, I had washed the dishes.

(= I had washed the dishes until my father came home.)

FORM

Affirmative
I will help you.
I am going to help you.

You will come early.
You are going to come early.

He/She/It will eat lunch.
He/She/It is going to eat lunch.

We will work.
We are going to work.

You will leave early.
You are going to leave early.

They will visit us.
They are going to visit us.

Negative
I will not help you.
I am not going to help you.

You will not come early.
You are not going to come early.

He/She/It will not eat lunch.
He/She/It is not going to eat lunch.

We will not work.
We are not going to work.

You will not leave early.
You are not going to leave early.

They will not visit us.
They are not going to visit us.

Interrogative

Will I help you?
Am I going to help you?

Will you come early?
Are you going to come early?

Will he/she/it eat lunch?
Is he/she/it going to eat lunch?

Will we work?
Are we going to work?

Will you leave early?
Are you going to leave early?

Will they visit us?
Are they going to visit us?

Bütün öznelerle “will” yardımcı fiili kullanılır. Birinci tekil şahıs “we” ve birinci çoğul şahıs “ive” için, “will” yerine “shall” de kullanılır. Ancak “shall” in bu kullanımı artık çok eski olarak kabul edilmektedir.

We will (shall) Invite them to the party. She will help me with my homework.

“will not” ve “shall not” kısaltılarak “won’t” ve “shan’t” biçiminde kullanılır.

They will not/won’t come tomorrow. We shall not/shan’t go to the party.

“will” ve “shall” kısaltılarak ” ll” biçiminde kullanılır.

They’ll visit us next week./I’II eat dinner out tonight.

USE OF THE FUTURE TENSES

a) Eğer geleceğe yönelik bir tahminde bulunuyorsak (prediction), “will” ya da
“be going to” kullanabiliriz.

There will/is going to be a rise in prices after the elections. According to the weather report, it will/is going to snow tomorrow. He will/is going to have an accident if he doesn’t drive more carefully.

b) Önceden tasarlanmış, planlanmış bir durumdan söz ediyorsak (prior plan), “be going to” kullanmamız gerekir. Bu anlamıyla “be going to”, cansız varlıklar için genellikle kullanılmaz.

- Why have you bought this material?
- I’m going to make a skirt for myself.

- Why is your dog digging in that corner?

- Oh, he is going to bury his bone there.

Henüz öğrendiğimiz bir konuda yapmaya istekli olduğumuz bir durumu (willingness), will” ile ifade ederiz.

- I don’t have any money.

- Don’t worry. I’II lend you some. (Üzülme. Ben sana veririm.)

- Some guests are coming in two hours, and nothing is ready yet.

- Don’t worry, l’II wash the dishes and you can do the cooking.
(Ben bulaşıkları yıkarım, sen yemeği pişirirsin.)

- I have a headache.

- Wait here. I’ll bring an aspirin for you. (Bekle sana bir aspirin getireyim.)

“will” in bu kullanımının Türkçe’ye çevirisine dikkat ediniz. Örneklerde de gördüğünüz gibi, “will wash, will lend, will bring’ ifadelerini “yıkayacağım, ödünç vereceğim, getireceğim” biçiminde değil, “yıkarım, ödünç veririm, getireyim” biçiminde çevirdik.

d) Eğer bir olayın olacağına ilişkin belirtiler varsa, “going to” kullanılır.

The sky is black. It is going to rain.

There’s a lot of blossom on the trees this spring. We’re going to have a good crop.

e) Bu tense’lerle yaygın olarak kullanılan zaman zarflan, tomorrow, next week, next month
next summer, in two days (iki gün sonra), in ten minutes (on dakika sonra),
two days from now (iki gün sonra), five years from now (beş yıl sonra), soon (az sonra,
yakında) gibi zarflardır.

We’ll take an exam next week.

Tomorrow is a public holiday, so she wont go to work.

She will graduate in three years.

Two months from now, they’ll move into a new flat.

Ancak, içinde bulunduğumuz ana göre gelecek zaman ifade eden pek çok zarf, bu tense’lerle kullanılabilir.

(In the morning)

I’m going to do some shopping today. Do you need anything special?

I’m not going to have breakfast this morning.

1) “am, is, are going to” nun past biçimi olarak “was, were going to” kullanılır. Bu tense

ile, geçmişte niyet ettiğimiz, planladığımız, ama çeşitli nedenlerle yapamadığımız eylemleri anlatırız.

I was going to visit my parents last night, but just as I was leaving home, some guests arrived, so I couldn’t.

(Dün akşam ailemi ziyaret edecektim ama…. )

We were going to have an exam yesterday, but we couldn’t finish the unit, so
the teacher postponed the exam until next week.
(Dün sınav olacaktık ama )

Henüz öğrendiğimiz bir konuda yapmaya istekli olduğumuz bir durumu (willingness),
“will” ile ifade ederiz.

- I don’t have any money.

- Don’t worry. I’II lend you some. (Üzülme. Ben sana veririm.)

- Some guests are coming in two hours, and nothing is ready yet.

- Don’t worry, l’II wash the dishes and you can do the cooking.
(Ben bulaşıkları yıkarım, sen yemeği pişirirsin.)

- I have a headache.

- Wait here. I’ll bring an aspirin for you. (Bekle sana bir aspirin getireyim.)

“will” in bu kullanımının Türkçe’ye çevirisine dikkat ediniz. Örneklerde de gördüğünüz gibi, “will wash, will lend, will bring’ ifadelerini “yıkayacağım, ödünç vereceğim, getireceğim” biçiminde değil, “yıkarım, ödünç veririm, getireyim” biçiminde çevirdik.

d) Eğer bir olayın olacağına ilişkin belirtiler varsa, “going to” kullanılır.

The sky is black. It is going to rain.

There’s a lot of blossom on the trees this spring. We’re going to have a good crop.

e) Bu tense’lerle yaygın olarak kullanılan zaman zarflan, tomorrow, next week, next
month, next summer, in two days (iki gün sonra), in ten minutes (on dakika sonra),
two days from now (iki gün sonra), five years from now (beş yıl sonra), soon (az sonra,
yakında) gibi zarflardır.

We’ll take an exam next week.

Tomorrow is a public holiday, so she wont go to work.

She will graduate in three years.

Two months from now, they’ll move into a new flat.

Ancak, içinde bulunduğumuz ana göre gelecek zaman ifade eden pek çok zarf, bu tense’lerle kullanılabilir.

(In the morning)

I’m going to do some shopping today. Do you need anything special?

I’m not going to have breakfast this morning.

1) “am, is, are going to” nun past biçimi olarak “was, were going to” kullanılır. Bu tense

ile, geçmişte niyet ettiğimiz, planladığımız, ama çeşitli nedenlerle yapamadığımız eylemleri anlatırız.

I was going to visit my parents last night, but just as I was leaving home, some guests arrived, so I couldn’t.

(Dün akşam ailemi ziyaret edecektim ama…. )

We were going to have an exam yesterday, but we couldn’t finish the unit, so
the teacher postponed the exam until next week.
(Dün sınav olacaktık ama )

Affirmative
I will have left

Negative
They won’t have gone

Interrogative
Will we have seen?

Interrogative negative
Won’t he have arrived?

Example: to arrive, future perfect

Future perfect, function
The future perfect refers to a completed action in the future. When we use this tense we are projecting ourselves forward into the future and looking back at an action that will be completed some time later than now.
It is often used with a time expression using by + a point in future time.

Examples:

1. I’ll have been here for six months on June 23rd.
   b. By the time you read this I’ll have left.
   c. You will have finished your work by this time next week.

We use this tense for

1. Prediction. (The things that we think will happen in the future)

My grandfather will be sixty years old two days later.

I think it won’t rain tomorrow.

Türkiye will turn to a desert in the following 50 years.

My son will start primary school when he’s 6.

It will be rainy tomorrow. Don’t forget to take your umbrella with you.

Doris moved to another country. You’ll never see her again.

Fortune Teller, “You will marry a millionaire.”

“Will” is often used with verbs such as “think, know, believe, suppose, expect, hope, be sure, be afraid, wonder” etc.

I think I’ll pass the exam.

I expect they’ll come to my birthday party this evening.

I hope things will improve soon.

I wonder if you will pass the exam.

2. The actions that we decide to do now, at the moment of speaking

I am hungry. I’ll have a toast.

A: What would you like to drink? A: The phone is ringing.

B: I’ll have a Cola Turka, please. B: Ok. I’ll answer it.

3. In requests and to tell people what to do.

Will you pass me the salt, please?

The baby is sleeping. Will you please be quite?

USAGE:

1.We use the Future Perfect to talk about a future action that will be completed by a certain time in the future.

NOW

X X

FUTURE

PAST

Victor will have finished his work by eight o’clock.

They will have eaten all the meal by the time we get home.

Olive will have arrived to Paris before we leave.

2. We use this tense to talk about actions to be completed within a particular period of time

I will have paid off my debt within the next few years .

3.We use this tense when something is taken for granted .

He will undoubtedly have made a 100 runs before the end of the game .

4. We use the future perfect mostly with verbs which point to completion , like complete , finish , start leave , retire … etc

I think my father will have retired in two years’ time .

5. We often use the future perfect with by and till/until .

I will have graduated from this school by 2005 .

My mom won’t have retired till the year 2012 .

TIME EXPRESSIONS COMMNLY USED WITH THE FUTURE PERF.

By the time my father comes home , I will have done my homework .

Before you go to school , you will have finished your work .

Until I finish high school , I will have studied for 4 years .

I won’t have finished my work until 5 o’clock .

Till five o’clock , the workers will have worked for eight hours .

By nine o’clock today , our quests will have arrived .

By this time tomorrow , they will have arrive in Ankara .

By next week , they will have finished this work .

In two days’ time , they will have announced the results of the exam .

Within three months’ time , they will have opened this road to traffic .

In four years , they will have built a tube at the bottom of Bosphorus .

Burhan Bey may come at five . I will have finished my homework by then .

EXTRA INFO ON USAGES

If you would like to obtain more information on usages of Simple Future Tense, you may study the following.

1. Offers.

Your luggage looks very heavy. I’ll help you with it.

You don’t have a car. I will take you to the airport.

2. Promises.

Thank you for giving me your book. I’ll give it to you back next week.

We’ll find the right job for you. Don’t worry!

I will come home before nine, dad.

I promise, I won’t tell anybody your secret.

3. In newspaper and news broadcast for announcements of future plans.

The Minister will return from Ireland next week.

The political parties will meet at the parliament next Friday.

The Prime Minister will open the new hospital on Monday.

4. To express a willingness, or unwillingness to carry out a future action.

I will do my best to help you.

He won’t drive in snow or fog.

Fill in the verbs in brackets in the Future Perfect

1. Anne (to repair) will have repaired her bike next week.
2. We (to do) shall have done the washing by 8 o’clock.
3. She (to visit) she will have visited Paris by the end of next year.
4. I (to finish) shall have finished this by 6 o’clock.
5. Sam (to leave) will have left by next week.
6. She (to discuss) will have discussed this with her mother tonight.
7. The police (to arrest) will have arrested the murderer in one month’s time.
8. They (to write) will have written their essay by tomorrow.
9. Paolo (to manage) will have managed the teams.
10. If we can do that – then we (to fulfil) shall have fulfilled our mission.

Put the verbs in brackets into suitable tense

1. A: Have you finished your homework yet?
B: No, but I will have finished (finish) by the end of next months

2. A: Has he repaired your television yet?
B: No, but he will have repaired (repair) it by tomorrow.

3. A: Have they got married yet?
B: No, they will have got married (get married) by Sunday.

4. A: Has she ironed your trousers yet?
B: No, she will have ironed (iron) my trousers by five o’clock.

5. A: Have they had dinner yet?
B: No, they will have had (have) dinner by 8 o’clock.

6. A: Has she met your brother yet?
B: No, she will have met (meet) my brother by this time next year.

7. A: Have they sold their house yet?
B: No, they will have sold (sell) their house by the end of this year.

8. A: Has she sung a song yet?
B: No, she will have sung (sing) by the time they arrive.

Put the verbs in brackets into suitable tense.

1. A: Have you finished your homework yet?
B: No, I will have finished (finish) my homework by 9 o’clock.

2. A: Has he repaired your car yet?
B: No, he will have repaired (repair) my car by tomorrow.

3. A: Have they had breakfast yet?
B: No, they will have had (have) breakfast by the time you arrive.

4. A: Has she learnt much about that?
B: No, she will have learnt (learn) when he is my age.

5. A: Have you read the e-mail yet?
B: No, I will have read (read) it by the time they leave.

6. A: Has John gone to England?
B: No, he will have gone (go) to England by next year.

7. A: Have the students completed all the exercise in this book?
B: No, they will have completed (complete) them by this time next year.

8. A: By this time next year, I will have graduated (graduate) from the university.