Gerund and Infinitive
VERB + INFINITIVE / GERUND
INFINITIVE
The infinitive is used:
Gerunds and Infinitives
a) Bir gerund ya da Infinitive, cümlede isim gibi işlev gören fiildir. Cümle içinde isimlerin
kullanıldığı özne, nesne vb. durumunda kullanılır. Gerund, bir fiil köküne “-tag” takısının eklenmesiyle elde edilir: swimming, reading, playing football, having to get up early, etc. Swimming is my favourite sport. I like reading contemporary books. Having to get up early won’t bother me at all. b) Infinitive ise fiilin başına “to” getirerek ya da fiili yalın haliyle kullanarak elde edilir: to
learn English, to climb the mountain, to be able to speak English fluently, etc. It isn’t so difficult to /earn English. To climb to the top of the mountain won’t be easy. To be able to speak English fluently is desired by every learner. I will let you go soon. The film made everybody ay. c) Gerund ile present participle arasındaki ayrıma dikkat ediniz.
Gerund “-ing” takısı ile bir fiil kökünden elde edilmiş isimdir. Swimming can help you to lose weight. Present participle ise fiilin, sürerlik bildiren tense’lerle çekimlenirken “-ing” takısı almasıdır. The children are swimming in the sea. advise cannot bear encourage intend need prefer allow continue forbid like neglect recommend attempt dislike hate love permit start begin dread 2. Bu fiillerden advise, allow, encourage, forbid, permit ve recommend, kendinden sonra
indirect object (him, them, etc.) varsa Infinitive; indirect object yoksa, gerund alır. I advise driving more slowly on this slippery road. I advise you to drive more slowly on this slippery road. I don’t allow chewing gum during the class. I don’t allow my students to chew gum during the class. I encourage speaking freely in the class. I encourage my students to speak freely in the class. The law forbids travelling without wearing a seatbelt. The law forbids us to travel without wearing a seatbelt. My mother doesn’t permit smoking in our house. My mother doesn’t permit me to smoke in our house. I recommended staying at an inexpensive hotel. 2. Gerund or infinitive with a change in meaning forget mean (intend) regret try (make an effort) remember mean (result in, involve) stop try (experiment) Forget ve remember, geçmişte yaptığımız bir işi daha sonra unutmak/hatırlamak anlamındaysa gerund alır. Yapmayı planladığımız ya da düşündüğümüz bir işi yapmayı unutmak/hatırlamak anlamındaysa infinitive alır. - Do you remember our being stuck in the mud with the car last winter? - Yes, I also remember very clearly your losing your temper. - Really? What did I do? - You kicked the car and dented its rear fender. - Oh, I’d completely forgotten doing that. Go + gerund Pek çok aktivite, özellikle sportif olaylar, için go + gerund kullanılır: go shopping go hiking go swimming (go for a swim) go hunting go running (go for a run) go sightseeing go camping go skating go fishing go skiing 2. Verb + Noun/Pronoun + Infinitive a) Bu gruptaki fiiller, kendilerinden sonra doğrudan infinitive alamazlar. Yüklem ile infinitive arasında me, you, him, them, Jane, our teacher, my parents, etc. gibi bir nesne (indirect object) olması gerekir.
EXAMPLES: I advised him to stop smoking.
Her father doesn’t allow her to go out at night.
They appointed him to investigate the case.
The hard work caused me to feel depressed.
He challenged me to swim to the other side of the river.
GERUND AS THE OBJECT OF A PREPOSITION
a) Bir preposition’dan sonra isim gelir. Bu nedenle bir preposition’dan sonra gelen fiil de
gerund biçimindedir.
I’m interested in music, (noun)
I’m interested In listening to music, (gerund phrase)
She is afraid of the dark.
She is afraid of going out in the dark.
I object to his proposal.
I object to doing the Job as he proposed.
I’m looking forward to my holiday.
I’m looking forward to having my holiday soon.
Son iki örnekte, “to” dan sonra gerund kullanımına dikkat ediniz. Bu örneklerde “to”, infinitive’in bir bölümü değil, preposition’dır ve kendisinden sonra bir gerund gelir.
1. I want a book on pollution.
I want to read a book on pollution.
2. I object to your offer.
I object to having the meeting at such a late hour.
Yukarıdaki örneklerden birincisinde, “want” in kendine ait bir preposition’ı yoktur. Bu nedenle kendinden sonra direk nesne alır (want a newspaper, want a job, etc.) Ancak “want’ tan sonra fiile geçerken “to” ile geçilir, yani to + infinitive gelir, (want to buy, want to sleep, etc.)
İkinci örnekte ise “to” “object’ fiiline bağlı bir preposition’dır. Bu nedenle, “object” ten sonra bir nesneye geçerken de “to” kullanılır. Fiil ise gerund biçiminde gelir.
b) Preposition’ı “to” olan yapılar
be accustomed to ……………………… I’m accustomed to Turkish coffee.
I’m accustomed to drinking Turkish coffee.
be used to…………………………………. I’m not used to heavy clothes.
I’m not used to wearing heavy clothes.
look forward to………………………….. I look forward to your letter.
I look forward to receiving a letter from you.
be opposed to…………………………….. I’m opposed to excessive spending on cosmetics.
I’m opposed to spending excessively on cosmetics.
object to/have an objection to…… I have an objection to the plan.
I have an objection to carrying out the plan in this way.
prefer something to doing something I prefer tennis to basketball.
I prefer playing tennis to playing basketball.
in addition to…………………………….. In addition to jeans, she bought lots of other things.
In addition to buying Jeans, she bought lots of other things.
c) “Preposition + Gerund” yapısını üç bölümde inceleyebiliriz.
anlamındaysa gerund alır. Gerund’ın ifade ettiği eylem, pişman olma eyleminden daha
önce gerçekleşmiş olduğu için doing yerine having done kullanabiliriz. He regrets that he didn’t attend university. He regrets not attending/not having attended university. She regretted that she hadn’t listened to her mother’s advice. She regretted not listening/not having listened to her mother’s advice. She regrets that she bought an orange car. She regrets buying/having bought an orange car. Regret, yapmayı planladığımız bir işi yapamayacağımızı ifade ederken “I’m sorry” anlamında kullanılıyorsa Infinitive alır. Bu anlamda regret, tell, say, inform gibi fiillerle birlikte çok sık kullanılır. l regret to tell you that 1 can’t come with you.
(I’m sorry to tell you that…… ) 1 regret to inform you that you couldn’t get a passing grade. d) Stop doing, yapmakta olduğumuz bir işi durdurmak/bırakmak anlamında kullanılır. When l entered the classroom, the students stopped chatting among themselves. (They had been chatting before I came in.) , When some guests arrived after dinner, I stopped studying. Stop to do, bir şey yapmak için durmak anlamında kullanılır. Burada “to” amaç bildirdiği için “stop to do” yerine “stop in order to do” da kullanabiliriz. When the phone rang, 1 stopped my work to/in order to answer the phone.
When a loud noise was heard, everybody in the street stopped to/in order to
, see what had happened. Bazen bu iki yapıyı bir arada kullanmamız gerekebilir: Stop doing something to do something else When the phone rang, I stopped studying to/In order to answer it. When a student raised his hand, I stopped lecturing to/In order to listen to him. ‘ - e) Try, çabalamak, çalışmak anlamındaysa Infinitive alır. I tried hard to catch the train, but I couldn’t. She tried to persuade her father to let her go to the cinema. I tried to warn you, but you were too busy to listen to me. Tıy, bir yöntemin işe yarayıp yaramayacağını anlamak için denemek anlamında kullanılıyorsa, gerund alır. Because it was very hot last night, I couldn’t get to sleep. I tried opening the window, but it didn’t work. Then I took a cold shower. It worked! - Take an aspirin if you have a headache. - I tried taking one, but it didn’t help. - Then, try having a rest. It may work. Fill in the blanks with the gerund or infinitive form of the verb given in parentheses. 1. I don’t like that house. I would hate driving (live) in it. 2. Do you like to live (drive)? 3. When I have to catch a train, I’m always worried about missing it. So I like to get (get) to the station in time. 4. I very much enjoy listening (listen) to classical music. 5. I would love to come (come) to your wedding but it is just impossible. 6. Sometime I would like to learn (learn) to play the guitar. 7. When you see Tom, remember to give (give) him my regards. 8. I asked them to be quiet, but they continued to make/making (make) a lot of noise. 9. One day I hope to have (have) enough money to travel around the world. 10. Would you like to come (come) to the cinema with us? 11. One day I’d like to fly (fly) an airplane. 12. When she saw what happened, she began laughing (laugh) loudly. 13. I have decided to buy (buy) flowers for my grandmother on her birthday. 14. My children want to spend (spend) their holiday in Bodrum. 15. I want to be (be) a film star. 16. I like being (be) a film star. 17. I decided to have (have) lessons. 18. I hope to see (see) my friends at the party. 19. I love walking (walk) in the rain. 20. It started to rain (rain) in the afternoon. 21. I’d like to be (be) a film star. 22. I enjoy swimming (swim) in the sea. 23. Jane started to cry (cry) when she heard the news. 24. I’d love to go out (go out) with you tonight. 25. Don’t forget to bring (bring) your dictionaries to class. 26. When I finish washing-up (wash-up), I’m going to watch (watch) TV. 27. It is very easy to learn (learn) English. 28. Is it difficult to live (live) in Istanbul? 29. I hope to pass (pass) this exam. 30. I am happy to help (help) you with your homework. 31. Everybody was surprised to see (see) Jane at the party. 32. After (spend) spending a fortnight in Turkey, Cathy returned to Australia. 33. I don’t enjoy (ride) riding my bike in the rain. 34. Robert didn’t want (move) to move to Scotland. 35. (Run) Running on the beach is my favourite form of exercise.
- after certain verbs such as advise,want, need, hope, plan, intend, promise, tend, offer, afford, threaten,wish,would like, pretend, seem, manage. e.g. I want to be a doctor.
- to express purpose.amaç
- after certain adjectives; nice, kind, happy, glad
| Verbs Followed by an Infinitive She agreed to speak before the game. | ||||
|
agree aim appear arrange ask attempt be able beg begin care choose condescend |
consent continue dare decide deserve detest dislike expect fail forget get happen |
have hesitate hope hurry intend leap leave like long love mean neglect |
offer ought plan prefer prepare proceed promise propose refuse remember say |
shoot start stop strive swear threaten try use wait want wish |
| Verbs Followed by an Object and an Infinitive Everyone expected her to win. | ||||
|
advise allow ask beg bring build buy challenge |
choose command dare direct encourage expect forbid force |
have hire instruct invite lead leave let like |
love motivate order pay permit persuade prepare promise |
remind require send teach tell urge want warn |
|
Note: Some of these verbs are included in the list above and may be used without an object. |
||||
| Verbs Followed by a Gerund They enjoyed working on the boat. | ||||
|
admit advise appreciate avoid can’t help complete consider |
delay deny detest dislike enjoy escape excuse |
finish forbid get through have imagine mind miss |
permit postpone practice quit recall report resent |
resist resume risk spend (time) suggest tolerate waste (time) |
| Verbs Followed by a Preposition and a Gerund We concentrated on doing well. | ||
|
admit to approve of argue about believe in care about complain about concentrate on confess to |
depend on disapprove of discourage from dream about feel like forget about insist on object to |
plan on prevent (someone) from refrain from succeed in talk about think about worry about |
kullanıldığı özne, nesne vb. durumunda kullanılır. Gerund, bir fiil köküne “-tag” takısının eklenmesiyle elde edilir: swimming, reading, playing football, having to get up early, etc. Swimming is my favourite sport. I like reading contemporary books. Having to get up early won’t bother me at all. b) Infinitive ise fiilin başına “to” getirerek ya da fiili yalın haliyle kullanarak elde edilir: to
learn English, to climb the mountain, to be able to speak English fluently, etc. It isn’t so difficult to /earn English. To climb to the top of the mountain won’t be easy. To be able to speak English fluently is desired by every learner. I will let you go soon. The film made everybody ay. c) Gerund ile present participle arasındaki ayrıma dikkat ediniz.
Gerund “-ing” takısı ile bir fiil kökünden elde edilmiş isimdir. Swimming can help you to lose weight. Present participle ise fiilin, sürerlik bildiren tense’lerle çekimlenirken “-ing” takısı almasıdır. The children are swimming in the sea. advise cannot bear encourage intend need prefer allow continue forbid like neglect recommend attempt dislike hate love permit start begin dread 2. Bu fiillerden advise, allow, encourage, forbid, permit ve recommend, kendinden sonra
indirect object (him, them, etc.) varsa Infinitive; indirect object yoksa, gerund alır. I advise driving more slowly on this slippery road. I advise you to drive more slowly on this slippery road. I don’t allow chewing gum during the class. I don’t allow my students to chew gum during the class. I encourage speaking freely in the class. I encourage my students to speak freely in the class. The law forbids travelling without wearing a seatbelt. The law forbids us to travel without wearing a seatbelt. My mother doesn’t permit smoking in our house. My mother doesn’t permit me to smoke in our house. I recommended staying at an inexpensive hotel. 2. Gerund or infinitive with a change in meaning forget mean (intend) regret try (make an effort) remember mean (result in, involve) stop try (experiment) Forget ve remember, geçmişte yaptığımız bir işi daha sonra unutmak/hatırlamak anlamındaysa gerund alır. Yapmayı planladığımız ya da düşündüğümüz bir işi yapmayı unutmak/hatırlamak anlamındaysa infinitive alır. - Do you remember our being stuck in the mud with the car last winter? - Yes, I also remember very clearly your losing your temper. - Really? What did I do? - You kicked the car and dented its rear fender. - Oh, I’d completely forgotten doing that. Go + gerund Pek çok aktivite, özellikle sportif olaylar, için go + gerund kullanılır: go shopping go hiking go swimming (go for a swim) go hunting go running (go for a run) go sightseeing go camping go skating go fishing go skiing 2. Verb + Noun/Pronoun + Infinitive a) Bu gruptaki fiiller, kendilerinden sonra doğrudan infinitive alamazlar. Yüklem ile infinitive arasında me, you, him, them, Jane, our teacher, my parents, etc. gibi bir nesne (indirect object) olması gerekir.
| advise | convince | instruct | request |
| allow | direct | invite | require |
| appoint | enable | motivate | show… how |
| cause | encourage | oblige | teach |
| caution | forbid | order | tell |
| challenge | force | permit | tempt |
| command | hire | persuade | urge |
| compel | implore | remind | warn |
- Verb + Preposition + Gerund
- Adjective + Preposition + Gerund
- Noun + Preposition + Gerund
anlamındaysa gerund alır. Gerund’ın ifade ettiği eylem, pişman olma eyleminden daha
önce gerçekleşmiş olduğu için doing yerine having done kullanabiliriz. He regrets that he didn’t attend university. He regrets not attending/not having attended university. She regretted that she hadn’t listened to her mother’s advice. She regretted not listening/not having listened to her mother’s advice. She regrets that she bought an orange car. She regrets buying/having bought an orange car. Regret, yapmayı planladığımız bir işi yapamayacağımızı ifade ederken “I’m sorry” anlamında kullanılıyorsa Infinitive alır. Bu anlamda regret, tell, say, inform gibi fiillerle birlikte çok sık kullanılır. l regret to tell you that 1 can’t come with you.
(I’m sorry to tell you that…… ) 1 regret to inform you that you couldn’t get a passing grade. d) Stop doing, yapmakta olduğumuz bir işi durdurmak/bırakmak anlamında kullanılır. When l entered the classroom, the students stopped chatting among themselves. (They had been chatting before I came in.) , When some guests arrived after dinner, I stopped studying. Stop to do, bir şey yapmak için durmak anlamında kullanılır. Burada “to” amaç bildirdiği için “stop to do” yerine “stop in order to do” da kullanabiliriz. When the phone rang, 1 stopped my work to/in order to answer the phone.
When a loud noise was heard, everybody in the street stopped to/in order to
, see what had happened. Bazen bu iki yapıyı bir arada kullanmamız gerekebilir: Stop doing something to do something else When the phone rang, I stopped studying to/In order to answer it. When a student raised his hand, I stopped lecturing to/In order to listen to him. ‘ - e) Try, çabalamak, çalışmak anlamındaysa Infinitive alır. I tried hard to catch the train, but I couldn’t. She tried to persuade her father to let her go to the cinema. I tried to warn you, but you were too busy to listen to me. Tıy, bir yöntemin işe yarayıp yaramayacağını anlamak için denemek anlamında kullanılıyorsa, gerund alır. Because it was very hot last night, I couldn’t get to sleep. I tried opening the window, but it didn’t work. Then I took a cold shower. It worked! - Take an aspirin if you have a headache. - I tried taking one, but it didn’t help. - Then, try having a rest. It may work. Fill in the blanks with the gerund or infinitive form of the verb given in parentheses. 1. I don’t like that house. I would hate driving (live) in it. 2. Do you like to live (drive)? 3. When I have to catch a train, I’m always worried about missing it. So I like to get (get) to the station in time. 4. I very much enjoy listening (listen) to classical music. 5. I would love to come (come) to your wedding but it is just impossible. 6. Sometime I would like to learn (learn) to play the guitar. 7. When you see Tom, remember to give (give) him my regards. 8. I asked them to be quiet, but they continued to make/making (make) a lot of noise. 9. One day I hope to have (have) enough money to travel around the world. 10. Would you like to come (come) to the cinema with us? 11. One day I’d like to fly (fly) an airplane. 12. When she saw what happened, she began laughing (laugh) loudly. 13. I have decided to buy (buy) flowers for my grandmother on her birthday. 14. My children want to spend (spend) their holiday in Bodrum. 15. I want to be (be) a film star. 16. I like being (be) a film star. 17. I decided to have (have) lessons. 18. I hope to see (see) my friends at the party. 19. I love walking (walk) in the rain. 20. It started to rain (rain) in the afternoon. 21. I’d like to be (be) a film star. 22. I enjoy swimming (swim) in the sea. 23. Jane started to cry (cry) when she heard the news. 24. I’d love to go out (go out) with you tonight. 25. Don’t forget to bring (bring) your dictionaries to class. 26. When I finish washing-up (wash-up), I’m going to watch (watch) TV. 27. It is very easy to learn (learn) English. 28. Is it difficult to live (live) in Istanbul? 29. I hope to pass (pass) this exam. 30. I am happy to help (help) you with your homework. 31. Everybody was surprised to see (see) Jane at the party. 32. After (spend) spending a fortnight in Turkey, Cathy returned to Australia. 33. I don’t enjoy (ride) riding my bike in the rain. 34. Robert didn’t want (move) to move to Scotland. 35. (Run) Running on the beach is my favourite form of exercise.
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